Annual Report 2001: Introductions from group leaders
Introduction
- 2001 in review
The Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES) is engaged in basic research
in the physics, chemistry, material properties and environmental conditions
of the Earth. As a component of the Australian National University's (ANU)
Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS), RSES is expected to both conduct research
at the highest international level and take a leadership role in defining
new directions of research in geophysics and geochemistry - particularly
those which have relevance to the needs and geologic setting of Australia.
During 2001, Professor David Green stepped down after seven distinguished
years as Director of RSES. David's tenure as Director was notable for the
move towards the study of the Earth's environment, particularly with regard
to establishing a geologic baseline for climate change. This initiative
is now fully integrated into the School's scientific culture and has substantially
reshaped our view of what constitutes the study of the solid Earth. David
retired at the end of 2001 to return to the high pressure lab and undertake
many long overdue experiments. I greatly admire both what he accomplished
during a period of declining support for higher education and the gracious
manner with which his goals were realized.
In addition to my transition to the Directorship, several other changes
to the School's operation occurred during 2001. Among the most significant
was the IAS "buy-in" into the Australian Research Council (ARC) grants
scheme, in which a portion of our block grant is transferred permanently
to the ARC in return for our scientific staff becoming eligible to complete
for ARC funds. Our first foray into contesting ARC funds was highly successful,
with 40% of our application receiving support. Our goal is to eventually
derive approximately 20% of our total support from both ARC competitions
and from Department of Education, Science and Technology (DEST) funds,
distributed on the basis of our performance against key research and research
training indicators. Because these changes to our funding structure significantly
limit our ability to centrally manage the School's research budget, we
addressed whether a different model for managing our research enterprise
was more appropriate to our new circumstances.
The School chose to devolve budgetary control of most non-infrastructure
support with the view that managing those funds as close as practicable
to the level of the individual investigator minimizes potential mismatches
between research expenditures and grant income. We utilized the four research
themes identified in the 1999 Strategic Planning process (see 2000 Annual
Report) as umbrella structures to facilitate local budget planning. These
four broad disciplinary fields are:
Earth Physics (including geodynamics, seismology and geomagnetism,
and geophysical fluid dynamics): physical measurements and
mathematical analysis of the structure of the Earth and of the physical
processes operating within the Earth system.
Earth Chemistry (including geochronology and isotope geochemistry,
ore genesis, and thermochronology): investigation of the chemical
structure and evolution of the Earth and the nature and timing of terrestrial
processes.
Earth Materials (including petrophysics, petrochemistry and experimental
petrology): study of the chemical and physical properties of earth
materials under the conditions of temperature, pressure and stress of the
Earth's interior.
Earth Environment (including environmental processes, environmental
geochemistry and geochronology and posts funded by IPC environment):
elucidation of the chemical and physical processes that operate within
and between the Earth's hydrosphere, atmosphere and upper crust, and the
establishment of the palaeoclimatic and longer term environmental record.
Each research area will be led from 2002 by a Coordinator who, within the
school-wide framework, leads local efforts to plan the research program
and coordinate funding from both block grant and external sources. This
new structure was implemented at the end of 2001 with Prof. Brian Kennett
(
Earth Physics), Dr. Trevor Ireland (
Earth Chemistry), Dr.
Ian Jackson (
Earth Materials), and Prof. Rainer Grun (
Earth Environment)
initially taking on the Coordinators role. With the exception of Earth
Physics, group structures within areas have been essentially abandoned.
It is to our clear advantage that we take these immediate steps to take
maximum advantage of the opportunities that exist in the new funding environment.
While the need to devolve budget authority within the School has been dictated
to us by outside events, I anticipated these actions having the effect
of further empowering individual investigators to not let the limitations
of internal resources suppress their scientific ambitions. My role remains
to provide overall academic leadership to the School and undertake strategic
planning to maintain the School's position among the world leaders in geophysics
and geochemistry research. In that regard, additional reorganization is
required.
RSES has a distinguished history of leading the development of experimental
and analytical devices in geophysics and geochemistry. While the success
of the vast majority of those endeavours reflects the foresight and ingenuity
of our scientists, the environment within which those advances took place
was to a great degree made possible by our block funding. This system permitted
us to undertake high risk endeavours that intrinsically cautious federal
grants schemes are generally less able to support. However, erosion of
the purchasing power of the block grant through unfunded salary increases
and the declining Australian dollar threatens our ability to remain at
the forefront of instrument and technique development. Thus, simultaneous
with the creation of the four research theme areas, we have chosen to sequester
a portion of block grant funding for planning purposes, including seeding
of new scientific initiatives, to use as matching funds for external grants,
and support original, on-going research efforts that are outside the funding
priorities of federal grant schemes. This fund, which will eventually grow
to $750k/year will be derived from savings largely realized by external
support of technical and fixed term academic posts. Our first initiative
is an effort with the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics to
create a joint institute to study the fundamental nature of planetary systems.
Our academic staff continue to receive international recognition for
their outstanding research achievements. Among the many honours bestowed
last year (see Major Prizes, Honours and Awards), I note that Professor
Ross Griffiths was elected a Fellow of both the Australian Academy of Sciences
and the American Geophysical Union. Professor Kurt Lambeck was awarded
the Prix International George Lemaître by Louvain University, Belgium.
Professors David Green and Malcolm McCulloch both received ISI Citation
Laureate Awards for authoring multiple high impact papers. Malcolm has
also just learned of his election to AGU Fellowship. Many notable research
achievements are described in the body of this report. In describing the
research themes of the School, I highlight below just a few of them.
The Environmental Geochemistry and Geochronology Group investigates
the long-term interaction between mankind and its environment with a view
to guiding our understanding of the past, present and future environments.
Of note, they dated the remains of a giant kangaroo at Lake Mungo to be
no more than 35,000 years old, whereas nearby aboriginal hearths are at
least 41,000 years old. The preliminary conclusion is that at least one
giant marsupial appears to have survived long after the arrival of humans
on this continent. The implication of this result to the "blitzkrieg" model
of human impact on megafaunal extinction is under consideration.
The Environmental Processes Group seek to understand the response
of the Earth's surface to physical environments. This past year, they discovered
that brief climatic excursions occurred periodically throughout the last
8000 years, suggesting greater global climate instability following the
end of the last ice age than previously appreciated.
The Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry Group focuses on isotopic
variations that can be used for dating purposes as well as tracers of large-scale
evolutionary processes affecting the Earth. Within that group, two sub-themes
have emerged. The Origins subgroup is involved in investigations ranging
from the evolution of the Australian continent to the origin of life on
Earth. We are following up our recent discovery of evidence of a terrestrial
hydrosphere 500 Ma earlier than previously documented. The Thermochronology
subgroup recognizes that all significant geophysical processes involve
heat flow disturbances and thus seek to understand the tectono-thermal
evolution of the lithosphere through use of radiometric systems.
Research in the Geodynamics Group includes the large scale crustal
deformation and modelling of tectonic processes, including linkage to surface
processes and climate. Among results reported in 2001, the puzzling nature
of intracratonic deformation of the Australian continent was successfully
modelled as a consequence of horizontal stresses originating at plate boundaries
and transmitted into areas of decreased lithospheric strength. This recognition
has potentially important implications to our understanding of the effect
of the Indo-Asian collision on the Cainozoic evolution of Australia and
is the focus of a major consortium of Australian tectonic researchers.
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics is the study of fluid flows and their
roles in transporting heat, mass and momentum in the Earth's atmosphere,
oceans, crust and deep interior. This past year, laboratory experiments
using our rotating table have demonstrated the strong influence of sloping
bottom topography on the pattern of upper ocean circulation driven by the
atmospheric winds, and we have developed computational methods to study
the effect of wind variability on instabilities in ocean currents. We have
also discovered new mechanisms by which fresh water input to the oceans
at high latitudes can cause oscillations and transitions in the thermohaline
circulation that may strongly influence climate variation.
Understanding how orebodies form is vital to the development of mineral
exploration models. Research into ore systems is conducted within the Ore
Genesis Group, Petrochemistry and Experimental Petrology Group, and the
Petrophysics Group. Our efforts are linked with the Department of Geology
under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Studies of Ore Systems.
Our experimental work has shown for the first time that the sulfide ores
of Broken Hill - the largest known lead-zinc deposit on the planet - must
have been partially molten during peak formation. Implications of this
discovery could transform our understanding of how giant ore deposits form
and lead to refinements in the tools we use to discover them.
The Petrochemistry and Experimental Petrology (P&EP) Group
experimentally investigates the physical conditions under which the Earth
formed and evolved. This past year, they extended their study of the properties
of sulfur in silicate melts by examining very oxidizing conditions, under
which the sulfur dissolves as sulfate not sulfide. Implications of this
work include understanding sulfur degassing from magmas during major volcanic
eruptions, a known cause of global climate modification.
The Petrophysics group research centres on investigation of the
physical behaviour of geological materials under controlled laboratory
conditions and application of the resulting insights to the structure and
processes of the Earth. Using a unique experimental apparatus, we have
learned that the partial melting expected beneath mid-ocean ridges results
not only in very low seismic velocities, but produces an unusual frequency
dependence that could fingerprint molten parts of the overturning upper
mantle and thus help us better understand the nature of the Earth's deep
interior.
The Seismology and Geomagnetism Group is engaged in investigations
of the internal structure of the Earth. This past year saw the development
of a new approach to surface wave tomography which permits data from a
wide variety of sources to be incorporated resulting in more refined estimates
of the Earth's internal structure.
The report that follows describes the results of the School's research
programs and publications during 2001 in detail. For this and subsequent
years we have abandoned the traditional publication of the Annual Report
and instead provide it from the world-wide web base. An abbreviated brochure
containing highlights of the full Annual Report will still be published
and sent to interested colleagues.